Cappadocia, Turkey

 

Cappadocia, Turkey...... 

        

Cappadocia (/kæpəˈdoʊʃə/; moreover Capadocia; Old and Cutting edge Greek: Καππαδοκία, romanized: Kappadokía, from Ancient Persian: 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣, romanized: Katpatuka, Armenian: Կապադովկիա, Գամիրք, romanized: Kapadovkia, Gamirk', Turkish: Kapadokya) may be a authentic locale in Central Anatolia, generally within the Nevşehir, Kayseri, Aksaray, Kırşehir, Malatya, Sivas and Niğde territories in Turkey.

Cappadocia

Old locale of Central Anatolia Locale, Turkey

Göreme, Cappadocia (UNESCO World Legacy Location)

Cappadocia among the classical locales of Anatolia (Asia Minor)

Cappadocia among the classical districts of Anatolia (Asia Minor)

Coordinates:

Persian satrapy

Katpatuka

Roman area

Cappadocia

Göreme National Stop

and the Shake Locales of Cappadocia

UNESCO World Legacy Location

Friars Valley.jpg

Incorporates

Göreme National Stop, Kaymakli Underground City, Derinkuyu underground city

Criteria

Cultural: i, iii, v; Characteristic: vii

Reference

357

Engraving

1985 (9th Session)

Zone

9,883.81 ha

Since the late 300s BC the title Cappadocia came to be limited to the inland area (in some cases called Extraordinary Cappadocia), Upper Cappadocia, which alone will be the center of this article. Lower Cappadocia is focused to somewhere else.

Concurring to Herodotus,[1] within the time of the Ionian Revolt (499 BC), the Cappadocians were detailed as involving a locale from Mount Taurus to the region of the Euxine (Dark Ocean). Cappadocia, in this sense, was bounded within the south by the chain of the Taurus Mountains that partitioned it from Cilicia, to the east by the upper Euphrates, to the north by Pontus, and to the west by Lycaonia and eastern Galatia.[2]

The title, traditionally utilized in Christian sources all through history, continues in utilize as an worldwide tourism concept to characterize a locale of remarkable normal ponders, in particular characterized by pixie chimneys and a special authentic and cultural legacy.

Etymology Edit
See of Cappadocia scene

Exterior of an antiquated church carved into the valley dividers in Aksaray, Cappadocia.

The most punctual record of the title of Cappadocia dates from the late 6th century BC, when it shows up within the trilingual engravings of two early Achaemenid rulers, Darius I and Xerxes, as one of the nations (Ancient Persian dahyu-) of the Persian Realm. In these records of nations, the Ancient Persian title is Katpatuka. It was proposed that Kat-patuka came from the Luwian dialect, meaning "Moo Nation".[3] Ensuing inquire about proposes that the qualifier katta meaning 'down, underneath' is solely Hittite, whereas its Luwian identical is zanta.[4] Hence, the later adjustment of this proposition operates with the Hittite katta peda-, truly "put underneath" as a starting point for the advancement of the toponym Cappadocia.[5] The prior determination from Iranian Hu-aspa-dahyu 'Arrive of great steeds' can barely be accommodated with the phonetic shape of Kat-patuka. A number of other etymologies have too been advertised within the past.[6]

Herodotus tells us that the title of the Cappadocians was connected to them by the Persians, whereas they were named by the Greeks "White Syrians" (Leucosyri),[7] who were most likely relatives of the Hittites.[8] One of the Cappadocian tribes he notices is the Moschoi, related by Flavius Josephus with the scriptural figure Meshech, child of Japheth: "and the Mosocheni were established by Mosoch; presently they are Cappadocians". AotJ I:6.

Fresco of Christ Pantocrator on the ceiling of Karanlık Kilise Churches of Göreme.

Cappadocia shows up within the scriptural account given within the book of Acts 2:9. The Cappadocians were named as one gather hearing the Gospel account from Galileans in their claim dialect on the day of Pentecost without further ado after the revival of Jesus Christ. Acts 2:5 appears to propose that the Cappadocians in this account were "God-dreading Jews". See Acts of the Messengers.

The locale is additionally said within the Jewish Mishnah, in Ketubot 13:11, and in a few places within the Talmud, counting Yevamot 121a.

Beneath the afterward rulers of the Persian Realm, the Cappadocians were isolated into two satrapies, or governments, with one comprising the central and inland parcel, to which the title of Cappadocia kept on be connected by Greek geographers, whereas the other was called Pontus. This division had as of now come around some time recently the time of Xenophon. As after the drop of the Persian government the two areas proceeded to be isolated, the qualification was perpetuated, and the title Cappadocia came to be confined to the inland territory (some of the time called Awesome Cappadocia), which alone will be the center of this article.[9]

The kingdom of Cappadocia still existed within the time of Strabo (c. 64 BC – c. Advertisement 24 ) as a ostensibly autonomous state. Cilicia was the title given to the locale in which Caesarea, the capital of the complete nation, was arranged. The as it were two cities of Cappadocia considered by Strabo to merit that label were Caesarea (initially known as Mazaca) and Tyana, not distant from the foot of the Taurus.[10]

Topography and climate Edit

Pixie chimneys in Uçhisar, Cappadocia.

Cappadocia lies in central Anatolia, within the heartland of what is presently Turkey. The help comprises of a tall level over 1000 m in height that's punctured by volcanic crests, with Mount Erciyes (old Argaeus) close Kayseri (antiquated Caesarea) being the tallest at 3916 m. The boundaries of chronicled Cappadocia are unclear, particularly towards the west. To the south, the Taurus Mountains shape the boundary with Cilicia and isolated Cappadocia from the Mediterranean Ocean. To the west, Cappadocia is bounded by the chronicled districts of Lycaonia to the southwest, and Galatia to the northwest. Due to its inland area and tall height, Cappadocia incorporates a extraordinarily mainland climate, with hot dry summers and cold cold winters.[11] Precipitation is inadequate and the locale is to a great extent semi-bone-dry.

Cappadocia contained the sources of the Sarus and Pyramus waterways with their higher affluents, additionally the center course of the Halys, and the entire course of the tributary of the Euphrates afterward called Tokhma Su. But as no one of these waterways was traversable or served to fertilize the lands along its course, none has much significance within the history of the territory.[10]

Pixie Chimneys shake arrangement close Göreme, in Cappadocia

History Edit

See moreover: Cappadocia (satrapy) and List of rulers of Cappadocia

Achaemenid Cappadocia

Cappadocian warrior of the Achaemenid armed force circa 470 BC. Xerxes I tomb alleviation.

Area of Achaemenid Cappadocia.[12]

Cappadocia was known as Hatti within the late Bronze Age, and was the country of the Hittite control centred at Hattusa. After the drop of the Hittite Realm, with the decrease of the Syro-Cappadocians (Mushki) after their overcome by the Lydian ruler Croesus within the 6th century BC, Cappadocia was ruled by a sort of primitive gentry, staying in solid castles and keeping the laborers in a servile condition, which afterward made them well-suited to outside servitude. It was included within the third Persian satrapy within the division built up by Darius but kept on be represented by rulers of its possess, none clearly incomparable over the total nation and all more or less tributaries of the Awesome Ruler.[10][13][14]

Kingdom of Cappadocia Edit

Fundamental article: Kingdom of Cappadocia

After finishing the Persian Realm, Alexander the Extraordinary attempted to run the show the range through one of his military commanders. But Ariarathes, already satrap of the locale, pronounced himself lord of the Cappadocians. As Ariarathes I (332–322 BC), he was a effective ruler, and he amplified the borders of the Cappadocian Kingdom as distant as to the Dark Ocean. The kingdom of Cappadocia lived in peace until the passing of Alexander. The past domain was at that point isolated into numerous parts, and Cappadocia fell to Eumenes. His claims were made great in 322 BC by the official Perdiccas, who killed Ariarathes; but within the disagreements which brought approximately Eumenes's passing, Ariarathes II, the received child of Ariarathes I, recouped his legacy and cleared out it to a line of successors, who for the most part bore the title of the originator of the tradition.[10]

Persian colonists within the Cappadocian kingdom, cut off from their co-religionists in Iran appropriate, kept on hone Zoroastrianism. Strabo, observing them within the to begin with century BC, records (XV.3.15) that these "fire kindlers" had numerous "sacred places of the Persian Divine beings", as well as fire sanctuaries.[15] Strabo besides relates, were "critical walled in areas; and in their middle there's an holy place, on which there's a expansive amount of fiery debris and where the magi keep the fire ever burning."[15] Agreeing to Strabo, who composed amid the time of Augustus (r. 63 BC–14 Advertisement), nearly three hundred a long time after the drop of the Achaemenid Persian Domain, there remained as it were follows of Persians in western Asia Minor; be that as it may, he considered Cappadocia "nearly a living portion of Persia".[16]

Beneath Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, to begin with as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Awesome, at that point as an partner against Perseus of Macedon. The lords henceforward tossed in their part with the Republic as against the Seleucids, to whom they had been from time to time tributary. Ariarathes V walked with the Roman proconsul Publius Licinius Crassus Jumps Mucianus against Aristonicus, a claimant to the position of royalty of Pergamon, and their strengths were destroyed (130 BC). The imbroglio which taken after his passing eventually driven to obstructions by the rising control of Pontus and the interests and wars which finished within the disappointment of the tradition.[10][17]

Roman and Byzantine province Edit

Primary article: Cappadocia (Roman territory)

The Cappadocians, backed by Rome against Mithridates VI of Pontus, chosen a local master, Ariobarzanes, to succeed (93 BC); but within the same year Armenian troops beneath Tigranes the Extraordinary entered Cappadocia, ousted ruler Ariobarzanes and delegated Gordios as the modern client-lord of Cappadocia, hence making a buffer zone against the encroaching Romans. It was not until Rome had removed the Pontic and Armenian rulers that the run the show of Ariobarzanes was built up (63 BC). Within the gracious wars Cappadocia was to begin with for Pompey, at that point for Caesar, at that point for Antony, and at long last, Octavian. The Ariobarzanes line came to an conclusion, a Cappadocian aristocrat Archelaus was given the position of royalty, by support to begin with of Antony and after that of Octavian, and kept up tributary autonomy until Advertisement 17, when the sovereign Tiberius, whom he had irritated, summoned him to Rome and decreased Cappadocia to a Roman area.[18]

In 70 Advertisement, Vespasian joined Armenia Minor to Cappadocia, and made the combined area a wilderness rampart. It remained, beneath different common redistributions, portion of the Eastern Domain for centuries.[19]

Cappadocia contains a few underground cities (see Kaymaklı Underground City). The underground cities have tremendous resistance networks of traps all through their numerous levels. These traps are exceptionally inventive, counting such gadgets as expansive circular stones to piece entryways and gaps within the ceiling through which the shields may drop spears.

Early Christian and Byzantine periods Edit

Dim Church in Cappadocia.

More seasoned works of art in Holy person John's Church, Gülşehir.

Afterward frescoes in Holy person John's Church, in Gülşehir, dated by an engraving to 1212.

In 314, Cappadocia was the biggest territory of the Roman Realm, and was portion of the See of Pontus.[20] The locale endured starvation in 368 depicted as "the foremost serious ever recollected" by Gregory of Nazianzus:

The city was in trouble and there was no source of help...The hardest portion of all such trouble is the obliviousness and insatiability of those who have supplies...Such are the buyers and dealers of corn ... by his word and counsel [basil] open the stores of those who had them, and so, agreeing to the Sacred writing, managed nourishment to the hungry and fulfilled the destitute with bread...He assembled together the casualties of the starvation...and getting commitments of all sorts of nourishment which can soothe starvation, set some time recently them bowls of soup and such meat as was found protected among us, on which the destitute live...Such was our youthful furnisher of corn, and moment Joseph...[But not at all like Joseph, Basil's] administrations were gratuitous and his aid of the starvation picked up no benefit, having as it were one protest, to win merciful sentiments by compassionate treatment, and to pick up by his apportions of corn the brilliant favors".[21]

This is often comparable to another account by Gregory of Nyssa that Basil "ungrudgingly went through upon the destitute his patriomny indeed some time recently he was a cleric, and most of all within the time of the starvation, amid which [Basil] was a ruler of the Church, in spite of the fact that still a cleric within the rank of presbyters; and a short time later did not store indeed what remained to him".[21]

In 371, the western portion of the Cappadocia territory was partitioned into Cappadocia Prima, with its capital at Caesarea (cutting edge-day Kayseri); and Cappadocia Secunda, with its capital at Tyana.[20] By 386, the locale to the east of Caesarea had gotten to be portion of Armenia Secunda, whereas the northeast had ended up portion of Armenia Prima.[20] Cappadocia to a great extent comprised of major bequests, claimed by the Roman heads or affluent neighborhood families.[20] The Cappadocian areas got to be more critical within the last mentioned portion of the 4th century, as the Romans were included with the Sasanian Realm over control of Mesopotamia and "Armenia past the Euphrates".[20] Cappadocia, presently well into the Roman time, still held a noteworthy Iranian character; Stephen Mitchell notes within the Oxford Word reference of Late Relic: "Numerous occupants of Cappadocia were of Persian plummet and Iranian fire adore is confirmed as late as 465".[20]

The Cappadocian Fathers of the 4th century were fundamentally to much of early Christian logic. It too delivered, among other individuals, another Patriarch of Constantinople, John of Cappadocia, who held office 517–520. For most of the Byzantine period it remained generally undisturbed by the clashes within the zone with the Sassanid Realm, but was a imperative wilderness zone afterward against the Muslim successes. From the 7th century, Cappadocia was partitioned between the Anatolic and Armeniac subjects. Within the 9th–11th centuries, the locale comprised the topics of Charsianon and Cappadocia.

Cappadocia shared an continuously-changing relationship with neighboring Armenia, by that time a locale of the Realm. The Middle easterner student of history Abu Al Faraj states the taking after around Armenian pilgrims in Sivas, amid the 10th century: "Sivas, in Cappadocia, was overwhelmed by the Armenians and their numbers got to be so numerous that they got to be crucial individuals of the majestic armed forces. These Armenians were utilized as observe-posts in solid posts, taken from the Middle easterners. They recognized themselves as experienced infantry officers within the majestic armed force and were always battling with exceptional mettle and victory by the side of the Romans in other words Byzantine".[22] As a result of the Byzantine military campaigns and the Seljuk attack of Armenia, the Armenians spread into Cappadocia and eastbound from Cilicia into the hilly regions of northern Syria and Mesopotamia, and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was inevitably shaped. This migration was expanded encourage after the decay of the nearby majestic control and the establishment of the Crusader States taking after the Fourth Campaign. To the crusaders, Cappadocia was "terra Hermeniorum," the arrive of the Armenians, due to the huge number of Armenians settled there.[23]

Turkish Cappadocia Edit

Cappadocia is celebrated for conventional cave lodgings.

Taking after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, different Turkish clans beneath the administration of the Seljuks started settling in Anatolia. With the rise of Turkish control in Anatolia, Cappadocia gradually got to be a tributary to the Turkish states that were set up to the east and to the west; a few of the local populace changed over to Islam[24] with the rest shaping the remaining Cappadocian Greek populace. By the conclusion of the early 12th century, Anatolian Seljuks had built up their sole dominance over the locale. With the decrease and the drop of the Konya-based Seljuks within the moment half of the 13th century, they were slowly supplanted by progressive Turkic ruled states: the Karaman-based Beylik of Karaman and after that the Footrest Realm. Cappadocia remained portion of the Footrest Domain until 1922, when it got to be portion of the cutting edge state of Turkey. A crucial alter happened in between when a modern urban center, Nevşehir, was established within the early 18th century by a amazing vizier who was a local of the territory (Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha), to serve as regional capital, a part the city continues to expect to this day.[25] Meanwhile numerous previous Cappadocians had moved to a Turkish tongue (composed in Greek letter set, Karamanlıca), and where the Greek dialect was kept up (Sille, towns close Kayseri, Pharasa town and other adjacent towns), it got to be intensely impacted by the encompassing Turkish. This lingo of Eastern Roman Greek is known as Cappadocian Greek. Taking after the establishment of Turkey in 1922, those who still distinguished with this pre-Islamic culture of Cappadocia were required to take off, so this dialect is presently as it were talked by a modest bunch of their relatives, most presently found in advanced Greece